316 20 77964 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 12.01.1869 Proper date: 12.01.1869 Description An account of the resource Statistics for the year: The mission land at Kibi is given as 20 acres. The numbers in the Kibi community had increased from 35 to 42, there were now 20 communicants and 2 catechumens. 20 pupils in the boarding school, plus 2 day-boys. 9 girls are educated by Mrs Eisenschmid. The size of the missions land in Kukurantumi is given as 18 acres. The numbers in the community had increased from 16 to 20, with 8 communicants and 3 catechumens. 4 boys and 2 girls attend the school. In the description of the mission property it appears that apart from the coffee plantation there is hardly any extensive farming on the mission land. Personnel - Eisenschmid married Johanna, the widow of the Bremen missionary Ruckaber on March 17th, and the Kromers arrived back in Kibi at the beginning of November. Both Lodholz and Eisenschmid suffered severe fevers, the latter had such a bad attack that he has applied for leave to return to Europe. Lodholz gave his first Twi sermon in October. Preaching etc. is recorded as having taken place in Kukurantumi (visited 6 times in the year by missionaries), Tette, Apapam, Akoko, Apedua, Asiakwa, Osiem, Fankyeneko, Osine. One journey was projected to Begoro by Kromer, but he was hindered by a fever. Both Kwabi and Asante get good reports for their work - Asante especially. They are both described in this reports as Akropong people. The two teachers are both from Lateh. The communities - in Kukurantumi an older man has been baptised, and 6 girls in Kibi - the first Akim women to be baptised. Despite disappointments over individuals at particular times the relations between members of the community and the missionaries is good, banishing unsatisfactory events from the memory. Eisenschmid cites especially the Christians' reaction to a theft on the station - a united response, in which Wilhelm Dazu played a leading and creditable role, leading the missionaries to the village of the thief, although he was the head of Dazu's family - as evidence of these satisfactory relations. The only 'fall' in Kibi during the year was an occasion when one member of the community attended a heathen festival. The bulk of the Kibi community are in some way economically dependent on the mission. One younger man has in the course of the year become somewhat independent of the mission by beginning to act independently as a carpenter, after tuition from Eisenschmid. The elder members at Kukurantumi are more economically independent, but most of them are either excluded from Communion, or excluded entirely from the community through irregular sexual relations or adotping aspects of the heathen way of life. The Basel Committee had directed them after reading the 1867 Annual Report to hold a catechising session on a Sunday for the community they tried as a result to have their normal street preaching on a Tuesday. The change of time was unpopular with the heathen, however, and now both the catechising and the street preaching is held on a Sunday. An attempt was made to run a Sunday School - the project was found to have no appeal to the people in Kibi town, but it is a good idea to have the older members of the community literate. Another list of towns visited by preaching during the year is given at the end of the report, in which details is given of the activities in this respect of the catechists and teachers. These did not travel extraordinarily Kwabi did 35 days, but did visit some places which are not listed in the account of the missionaries' travelling at the head of the report: Adadentem, Begoro and the towns on the route to Begoro, Mase, Enyinasing. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..14 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Eisenschmid's Report for the Year 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 14.01.1868 Date late: 03.02.1868 Proper date: 14.01.1868-03.02.1868 Description An account of the resource Two minutes deal with financial questions. They include a subscript by J. Müller to No. 1 that in the last five years the cost of hammock-carriers on the coast had doubled. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..1-2 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Station's Conference Minutes Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 31.03.1868 Proper date: 31.03.1868 Description An account of the resource The new Christian Abraham Boamma had been on a journey to a friend of his with whom he discussed his new religion - the friend said the ‘word’ was 'sweet' and sent the missionaries a gift of yams and a hen, though Lodholz explains that it is difficult for such a man to do anything more, since, he is head of the family, and must hold a family meeting before he can take serious steps towards entering the church. Also one of the schoolboys had been treated with local medicine during a serious attack of fever by a woman who after his recovery seems to have wanted to prevent the boy from returning to the mission compound until the cure had been paid for. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..3 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Lodholz' Report for the First Quarter of 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 17.04.1868 Proper date: 17.04.1868 Description An account of the resource The substantial parts are printed as an annex to the 1868 Annual Report pp111-112. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..4 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Eisenschmid's Report for the First Quarter of 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 22.04.1868 Proper date: 22.04.1868 Description An account of the resource Raises the question of policies in relation to the organisation of the mission in Akim- whether there should be two stations, and if so whether Asiakwa or Kukurantumi should be the second. There is a long clear setting out of the factors by Schrenk which includes an estimate for the Asiakwa population of 1500-2000, and a very pessimistic analysis of the Kukurantumi community. Eisenschmid also applies for the promotion of Chr. Asante to Catechist Grade I., and this receives universal support. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..5 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Eisenschmid to Basel Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 30.06.1868 Proper date: 30.06.1868 Description An account of the resource Reports two preaching journeys he had made in Akim. He writes: - That in Asafo the people were not willing to listen quietly to his preaching; - That in Asafo there was a small fetish shrine in the form of a house big enough to allow the chief to enter it; - That a farming village half an hour before Asiakwa the people were again not prepared to listen quietly to preaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..7 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Lodholz' Report for the Second Quarter of 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 14.07.1868 Proper date: 14.07.1868 Description An account of the resource The report is almost exclusively concerned with the Akim gold industry. Washing from the rivers is carried on by women and children who are happy if they earn 3d-4d per day. A particular type of earth is known as ore-bearing, and if a gold-digging comes across this type of earth it is hollowed out as far as possible. Eisenschmid gives the maximum depth of the gold diggings as 100'. The normal rate of earning may be-as much as 1 dollar a day from gold-diggings (i.e. this is the earning of a whole group, miners and women and children doing the washing). Small nuggets and gold-dust belong to the miner, but nuggets over 9 dollars value have to be divided – 1/3 to the Kibi chief and elders, 1/3 to the landowner, and 1/3 to the miner. Although people try to conceal the discovery of such nuggets this rarely happens partly because so many people are involved (including women); and partly because the Akim people lack the carefulness which marks the successful European deceiver - for the same reason it is usually possible to uncover cases of theft on the mission station. The impact of the gold-diggings is seen in the lack of industry (only smiths and carpenters, the latter making doors, windows and boxes from split wood) and in the comparatively slight amount of farming going on. Only in Kukurantumi, where there is no gold, are large farms made - in a dear year the Kukurantumi people send their provisions to Accra. In the gold-bearing areas of Akim the people only farm enough for their own needs. One problem following from the area’s gold-mining is that by a law of the Okyenhene no silver coins may be used in merchandise. This results in much loss of gold through the weighing out of small quantities, and also much strife, since there are no standard weights. The mission's policy has been to have their own weights at approximately the average of the local variations and then stick to them. This has sometimes meant not getting the indispensible article they were trying to purchase, but there is almost a proverb now in Kibi 'The white man only has min weight' - Eisenschmid explains this means only one weight for dispensing and receiving gold-dust. The king, of course, has a set of heavier weights for receiving fines. Eisenschmid links gold-digging with the worships of the Berem, not organically however - only in pointing out that the Berem is a gold-bearing river. However, he repeats the information about the processions of women to the Berem during Ata’s penultimate illness, with the point that they were led by his elder sister. Eisenschmid actually saw Ata after his death, and describes how he had a nugget of gold in his mouth, and others bound on his arms and legs, and head. He remarks on the terrible awakening he will suffer when he finds that no gold will save him. The apparatus of gold-weighing has religious significance judging by the way that Eisenschmid was unable to buy a 'fotu' and the scales, though he would have paid well for them. It was explained that a man's soul is in his fotu - and indeed at the yearly cleansing festival the fotu is also sprinkled with blood. He has, however, managed to collect a fotu etc. as if for his own use, and send it to the mission. There are scales, scoops, and vessels used to see if the gold is pure. The things of greatest interest, however, are the weights, Up to 4 ½ d. they are seeds from various plants, the finest brass weights come from Asante. Usually they are made by cutting and engraving a piece of wood into the required shape, making a clay mould around it, and then putting this into the fire, after which the burnt wood can be extracted. Into this mould the liquid brass is then poured. There do not seem to have been any geometrical weights. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..8 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Eisenschmid's Report for the Second Quarter 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 30.09.1868 Proper date: 30.09.1868 Description An account of the resource Includes the report that And. Ewyi has been received back into the community having given Lodholz the impression at an interview that he was a broken man - such as Lodholz had seen very rarely in Africa. Lodholz was also pleased to see the evidence of a heart full of joy on his face after he had received communion again. Two wives, Ewyi's and Rose Yaw Badu's, are attending services regularly and especially the latter is only deterred by the problem of overcoming family opposition – she is the only daughter of her mother, and her brother having been involved in the community, is now an open enemy. Loholz tried to encourage them by telling them about the trials faced by new converts in India, far worse in his opinion than those suffered on the Gold Coast. The Kukurantumi chief is pressing to have a European back in his town. His moves to this end include driving the Christians to build their houses on the mission station, and telling Lodholz that he wants his whole town to become Christian. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..9 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Lodholz' Report for the Third Quarter of 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 03.10.1868 Proper date: 03.10.1868 Description An account of the resource The report is mostly concerned with the Akim judicial system. In an introduction Eisenschmid justifies his saying that the Akim 'civilisation' is at a low level by citing two points - firstly that small misdeeds are visited by heavy and often cruel punishment, while the judges bend the law to suit their own needs. Eisenschmid instances these points by citing two cases. The first case arose from a blow struck - believed accidentally - against the Okyenhene. A fight had broken out between the king's people and those of the elder Kwasi Ammoako. The event was at night, and when the Okyenhene went to make peace he was hit by a follower of Ammoako’s called Doko. The latter then fled to the missionaries (he had already had substantial contact with them and Eisenschmid considered him not far from becoming a catechumen). The Okyenhene believed that Ammoako had abetted his flight. The case was heard the next day in the context of the Okyenhene’s drummers, drumming out the message that he had been as deeply insulted. Eisenschmid felt the elders should have hastened to arbitrate and keep the case to its real small dimension, but instead they had sent messengers in the night to Tette, Apapam and Apedwa to call the members of the court together to hear the case. The king appeared with a smeared face, and Kwasi Ammoako was called. The Okyenhene accused him of having hated him for a long time, and had only been waiting for an opportunity to get revenge. As a result he had not protected the king as was his duty, but had allowed Doko to strike him, and then let him get away instead of being put in the block. Ammoako pleaded that he was a loyal subject, that he had not known that Donko had struck the Okyenhene, and that Donko had fled without him knowing. The elders pronounced Ammoako guilty - at which the Okyenhene sprang up and danced while all the drums were beaten, guns fired etc. The fine was set after much bargaining at 22 dollars, after 64 dollars had been originally asked. Some time after Eisenschmid intervened, for he heard that Ammoako had been put in the block and the Okyenhene had sworn he would have Doko killed. .He found the elders grouped around Ammoako, and put it to them: 1. that they had not heard Doko 2. that they did not know whether the blow was accidental or intentional 3. that accuser, witness, and executor of punishment had all been the Okyenhene. Eisenschmid then told them they had given judgement as a child would, and that they ought to be ashamed of themselves. They took this with humour, and Ammoako was taken out of the block. Eisenschmid added that if any harm should come to Doko, he would have no alternative but to write to Accra (the Governor had just sent a stern warning following the human sacrifices after Ata's death). Eisenschmid then interviewed the king, who claimed Doko as his witness, and warned him that had Doko hit him intentionally, he (Eisenschmid) would have urged a proper punishment, since Doko's duty was honouring the king (Eisenschmid had in fact heard that the blow was simply a result of an upward movement of the head or arm when Doko was not aware anyone was in the way at all). Over the next two days the matter was brought to a settlement - grey-headed elders had to argue for hours with the king against depriving Ammoako of his stool and robes of office in the end the king agreed to dash him the whole affair, and this involved a return gift of 90 dollars before things were fully settled. The second case concerned the theft of £8o gold dust en route from Christiansborg to Kibi. 2 messengers had been sent to carry loads, and the one carrying the gold dust had disappeared. Eisenschmid was told that he was last seen at Apedua where he had rested because of a wound on his foot. When he was two days overdue Eisenschmid set in motion the various means open to him to get the money recovered. The Okyenhene in contrast to his apathetic elders swore an oath that he would find the money, and set out immediately the complaint was made to him about it to Apedua, and Eisenschmid outlines the commotion this caused, with people being called in from the other towns to provide him with an approptiate escort. No trace of man or money was found in Apedua however and Eisenschmid began to hear hints that the carrier involved had indeed reached Kibi without delaying in Apedua at all. Eisenschmid felt that this meant that his master was involved - the carrier was a slave of Apiedu, the head elder of Kibi about 100 years old, the head of the Okyenhene’s family. Apiedu was quite uncooperative, however. Eisenschmid then receilved two hints that the slave' might be found at night sleeping in Apiedu's farming hamlet 1/2 hour's march from Kibi (Eisenschmid names as sources of the hints 2 schoolboys, and Wilhelm Dazu who was in fact a nephew of Apiedu). A party including Eisenschmid and Chr. Asante went to the place, gained admission (Eisenschmid writes that 'Agoo' was particularly.used of a friendly visit at night) found the man, and Eisenschmid had to check his followers from giving him a hard time. (They said to the carrier that he had been taking the bread out of their mouths). The journey back to the Okyenhene's house became a triumphal procession - all the Christians from the station joined it and they marched into Kibi singing hymns. The carrier was given over to the Okyenhene, along with a sermon from Asante about the evidence which the event offered for the power of God. Judgement was put off for 48 hours, and in the end Apiedu was found guilty the box was produced with only 1/2 dollar lacking from the money. (NB this case is also referred to in outline in the Annual Report for 1868). Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VI..10 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VI. - Kibi Title A name given to the resource Eisenschmid's Report for the Third Quarter of 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 03.06.1868 Proper date: 03.06.1868 Description An account of the resource He reports that the steep hill you climb on leaving Ahabante is called Kyatamya by the Ga-people. Koforidua is a small village, and deliberately built poorly, since a bigger settlement would attract the jealousy of the neighbouring tribes and cause border troubles. In Koforidua they were brought water to drink in a snail shell - he remarks that such large snails are an important food source in Akim, and that there was hardly anyone in Koforidua since everyone was out catching snails. The smoked snails are exported to Akwapim. Poultry is – as in Accra and Akwapim -- imported from the lower Volta. The grasscutter is much eaten, and dogs which Müller reports are imported into Akim for this purpose. Other forms of game are killed and eaten - Müller mentions a type of buffalo, though these are not much shot partly because it is dangerous, and partly because a man who has shot one is taunted. From their forests the Akims export gummi-copal and what is called 'Guinea grain' - a seed like laudanum, which is sold in Accra and Cape Coast and exported to Europe, though it fetches lower prices than East Indian laudanum in Europe (NB the gummi-copal he writes is exported chiefly to the USA where they pay very high prices for it). The route he describes is narrow, root ridden etc. They met no people between Koforidua and Kukurantumi, and no people between Kukurantumi and Asafo. The population centres which impressed them were the circle of villages around Kibi, and that around Asiakwa. He makes an estimate of populations based on the number of weapons in each town: Kukurantumi: alone 150 guns, including the surrounding district up to 3-4 hours, 340 guns. Kibi: alone 300 guns, including the surrounding district 850 guns. Asiakwa: alone 400 guns, including the surr. district 980 guns. Begoro, 700 guns Asiaman, 600 guns Akyase, 800 guns Asuom, 200 guns. Multiplying this figure by 5 (the proportion used in calculations about Akwapim, Müller does not say by whom) and one gets a total population of 22,000. Other missionaries have estimted 25,000, others higher still - he feels that 20-25,000 is the right estimate. He has checked this against the poll-tax estimates which give 13,364 for Kibi-Akim, and 7,935 for Gyadam-Akim. Since then the Kibi people may have increased, the Gyadam people either scattered or migrated to the western district. The population as a whole has probably remained about the same. Müller uses these figures having judged that the lists provided by the mulatto poll-tax collectors were too detailed to be falsified - they gave themselves too much trouble to have been doing the job dishonestly. If missionary estimates for Akwapim and Krobo make the poll-tax figures of 13,000 and 15,000 respectively seem too low, Müller is not sure that they are not too optimistic - he himself does not know of any certain grounds for the missionaries' arriving at the figures they have offered. He felt that Akim houses and villages have a pleasing aspect - cleaner than those in Akwapim and on the coast, in the better houses with the interior of the walls and the floors plastered with a shining red clay. Under the roofs are decorations of lattice work, representations of animals, and the doors too are decorated. The finest house they saw was that belonging to the chief in Asiakwa. Overall the Akim people made a good impression on them. True they were met by some coarseness in Kibi and Kukurantumi, but in Tette and Asiakwa the whole town turned out for preaching, and they were all clothed. Müller asked about the latter and learned that they put their clothes on out of courtesy for their European visitors. He reckoned there was an element of hospitality in their all being present at the preaching - nevertheless one is not treated with such consideration in Akwapim or on the coast. Perhaps the Akims are not so used to Europeans. Müller also writes about the gold—diggings. He arrived at the best time to see them and found, near Kibi, a place which sounded like a fair through the forest as they approached it - 300-400 people at work. The surface of the earth was a yellow clay, it was the underlying grey clay which was being washed for the gold. He remarks that there is no co-operative work by which larger holes are made, nor is any attempt made to find and work the gold-bearing quartz. Though the earth is honey-combed with holes in some places people do not join them up and so exploit the gold-bearing clay which lies in between them. The washing he describes as being done in wooden bowls 2’ in diameter with a shallow inverted cone, actually under the surface of the Berem, at least in the early stages. The wood used was the same as that used for canoes. Nuggets of up to 30 ounces are found - indeed a Gyadam miner found a 60 ounce nugget in 1859. Müller gives the vision of the worth of nuggets as 1/3 shares to the Okyenhene, the elders, and the miner - no mention-of Eisenschmid’s 'owners. Gold is the currency in Akim, silver is now used a little, following the introduction of silver by the mission, but it is gold which has to be used to buy provisions. Describing the Kibi station Müller reports inter al that the community consists of 10 adults, 25 boys in the boarding school and 7 girls. The coffee plantation has 6-800 tress, and yielded 200 pounds weight at the last harvest. The 10 adults include only 6 local people, none of whom live on the station. In Kukurantumi the Christians have begun to make their own coffee plantations. In Kibi he saw the Sunday street preaching, a regular service in the open air. About 90 heathen were present, all dressed. When parties of non-Kibi Akims are in town then the numbers of onlookers may be as many as 200. The School he thinks is good, and it would be better to keep it so rather than extending it and reducing standards owing to their lack of competent catechists. To this report is added a subscript by Missionary Schrenk, darted 10 July 1868. He clearly regards Kibi as a very good station, an ideal community. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20a.I..20 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20a - Ghana 1868: D-01.20a.I. - Africa Title A name given to the resource J. Müller's Report of a Journey to Akim in March 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 17.02.1868 Proper date: 17.02.1868 Description An account of the resource Reports that with Krauss' illness he needs a catechist or teacher urgently. Someone who went to Battor would have frequent opportunities to travel to Anum. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..1 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Müller to the Mission's Executive Committee on the Gold Coast Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 14.04.1868 Proper date: 14.04.1868 Description An account of the resource Anum and its associated towns are all under arms. A month ago the fighting men moved out to a camp about 5 hours away. They have been joined by the Akem leader Dompre, with his 140 men. You already knew that earlier Dompre had been based on Asutsuare, plundering in that district. Peki has not yet joined this alliance, and so long as this is the case, not much will happen. The Anums feel themselves too weak to attack Akwamu unassisted. The army currently in camp amounts to 600-800 men. So far as one can know what is happening on the Akwamu side, they are ready to make peace. So at the moment they have nothing to fear besides extortion of money. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..3 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Müller to Basel Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 14.04.1868 Proper date: 14.04.1868 Description An account of the resource Reports Krauss' death. Describing the conditions under which Krauss was able to make a journey by river to Odumase in mid-April are printed in Heidenbote, 1868, p94. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VII..4 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VII. - Odumase Title A name given to the resource Zimmermann to Basel Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 26.06.1868 Proper date: 26.06.1868 Description An account of the resource A detailed account of the troubles of the previous quarter. The call to arms had occurred at the height of Krauss' illness, when he needed two people by his bed day and night. Officially there was a fine of 110 heads of cowries (Müller gives as the equivalent 2 franks, 25 cents) on people who did not respond. The Anum 'King', however, allowed the Missionaries to retain as many men as they liked, when this was requested. Müller writes what a comfort it was to himself and to Krauss that the Christians helped look after the latter so carefully and so reliably. The plan to send Krauss by river to Odumase came from the chief and elders of Anum, when they heard that the plan was to take him via Ho to the coast. The missionaries' objected that the Akwamu people working the canoe might be taken captive by the Anums, but the Anums reassured them on this point. The downstream journey did, in fact, go on unmolested; the deceitful exploitation of the scheme on the Anum side only came to light later, and they didn’t not know if it was intended from the beginning. During the period of Schönhuth's absence (16th-30th April) a number of skirmishes took place between the Anums and the Akwamus. Müller remarks that when the men of Anum were called to arms, the white men were regarded as having duties too. The ‘King’ sent an embassy demanding 50 heads of cowries as war-tax; and this was not the first time this had happened, they have had such requests at least 10 times since the war began. They very rarely go away empty handed. Usually the request is for 100 heads (equivalent given: 105 fl.), and if nothing is given, violence is threatened. Since they looked very determined on this occasion, Müller gave them an ordinary present. 'I think it is well known that the fighting has been much increased by the involvement in it of an Akem chief who has sent his leader Dompre with 140 men.‘ Dompre was at Asutsuare for almost a year. The Akwamus took the field, but waited for reinforcement. The Anums, who also wanted reinforcements in order to attack Akwamu sent embassies to Dompre to get him to join them. When Dompre saw that his existing allies had left him in the lurch, he left Asutsuare, arriving in Anum in early March. Scarcely had he arrived when he sent embassies to the missionaries asking for help with his war-costs. ‘We told him that we did not know him. We also had requests from the groups who were watching Anum's Akwamu frontier. But we felt we had done enough when we paid taxes to the chief of Anum. Once Krauss and Schönhuth had set out, we also faced threats from the river-watchers, who wanted money.’ At that point Dompre and the greater part of the Anum army moved out against Akwamu. The Akwamus had camped at Ananse three hours east of Akwamu, and a number of battles were fought. The Anums gained the advantage, and destroyed the villages of that district. After that, both sides retired to their headquarters, but only to re-equip with munitions, so as to be able to finish what is, in fact, a war to the death. On Schönhut’s return the boat which took him from Pese to the Anum shore was destroyed by hostile Anums, and an Asante paddler was only freed from the threat of death when Schönhut paid a ransom of 80 heads of cowries (equivalent given - 200 franks). At Müller’s warning the Anum elders that God would punish them for not keeping their promises, they only laughed, saying the Asantes and Akwamus were their enemies and asking for more money. After a few days Dompre sent to have the Asante brought to his camp. The missionaries refused, and that very night organised his escape. One of the Christians from the station took the Asante man to an Asante village by a little used way. On his return the Christian reporter that he had been received with great hospitality, and that the chief of the village suggested that the missionaries should move to his town since they were being so badly treated in Anum. One of the Christians, called Henry, had been having difficulties. It all stemmed from the fact that the Gas (or a group of Gas) in the town were bent on revenge, since he had helped to uncover thefts committed by one of them when he worked as a clerk for Br. Krauss. The first occasion on which this enmity came to light occurred after the escape of the Asante man. Henry was called before the 'King', charged with having not stood to arms as he should, and fined 110 heads of cowries. Henry defended himself on the grounds of having been one of the four people who stayed on the station to help with Krauss, but he was judged guilty – Müller reckons the Gas had bribed the Anum 'King' to judge the case in this way. Henry, however, appealed to Dompre, who reckoned that he was innocent, and thus he did not have to pay the fine. (Müller says: ‘But since at that time, and still now, Dompre was the leader’). Next, Henry's wife was seized and bound by the Gas, but on this occasion Müller appealed to the senior elder of the town, who convened his fellow elders, and handed down the judgement that the Gas had no right to bind the woman, and she was set free. A few weeks before the letter was written there was another incident when money was extorted from the missionaries - they were straightforwardly threatened with violence if they did not pay willingly. Dompre asked for 300 heads, the Anum_'King' 50 heads, the river-watchers 100 heads, another group 60; after them some chiefs of lowlier rank with smaller demands. Anum badly needs an experienced man to run the station. A few days before the letter was written, the Anums had gone off again to a war-camp 5-6 hours away, their plans this time to attack the Akwamu capital. They are hoping for help from Akwapim and Akim, and Peki has now joined the alliance. Müller stresses that on the Anum side the plan is to drive the Akwanus away completely. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..4 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Müller to Basel Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 22.07.1868 Proper date: 22.07.1868 Description An account of the resource An appeal for funds to provide 10 more school pupils with food payments of £l=10 yearly. The appeal is backed by the arguments that 1. The Anum people do not yet understand the point of schooling, hence pupils must be paid. 2. It is vital, for the sake of evangelisation, that the use of Twi be promoted among the Anum people: their Kyerepong is so different from Date Kyerepong that even a Date catechist (Chr. Asiedu) cannot understand or be understood in Kyerepong. 3. Although he is asking for £1=10, he considers that the pupils should be able to earn about half that sum by work. Cleaning the paths and cleaning cotton is suggested. Plantation work for coffee would also be possible. Plantation work for cotton, maize, yams would not fit so easily since these crops require a new bush clearing each year. The current 9 pupils are all working for the mission. They give cause for satisfaction, are making good progress, have learned Twi quickly, and some are ‘not far from the Kingdom of Heaven'. One, Joseph Kwame, has made enough progress to be usable as an auxiliary teacher. School hours: 8 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. Present payment for school work: 2 Franks 25 cents per month and clothing. Schonhuth's opinion is that, although paying people to attend school is regrettable, there is no other way of ensuring school attendance in Anum. A subscript from.J.A. Mader supports the proposal, in the peculiar conditions which obtain in Anum, However: 'The Brethren in Anum will also learn that congregations do not grow out of schools, but develop through the preaching of the Word and the message of the Father in the Son’. Mader forecasts a rapid development of the community in Anum as in Late: like Late the Anum communities live in towns, and do not spend long period’s resident in their farming villages. Like Late, also, they will come rapidly to appreciate the uses of Twi, partly because of the rich literature which is being developed in the language. However, the Anum parents, with their energetic farming, will not easily let their children go to school unless they can see some immediate concrete advantage. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..5 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Anum Stations Conference Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 13.08.1868 Proper date: 13.08.1868 Description An account of the resource He intends to omit a description of Klaus' death and the two Volta journeys connected with that, since these have already been reported. But if those experiences were painful, still more painful ones are to be expected. Almost daily they are being subject to formal requests for money to help pursue the war, and must spend time getting the people to understand that they are children of peace. They often say that they are fighting for the mission, to get open ways to the coast. The future is so uncertain that the missionaries have decided, in the event station's being captured, to stay put, but to hide money and the most valuable goods. It is known that the war began in 1865 with the fighting between the Gas and Adas on the one side, and the Anglos on the other. After the unsuccessful expedition across the Volta by Ada and its allies in 1866, the theatre fighting moved up the Volta until it cut off the station from the rest of the Basel Mission settlements. The most dangerous and hostile of the groups involved are the Akwamus, who control the Volta from Bauromadam to Pese. Their allies are the Dafos and Volos, who control the land south from Akwamu to opposite the Asutsuare mountain, and thus make the land route (Schönhuth presumably means to Kpong) unsafe. The war in this part of the Gold Coast began with a surprise attack by the Akwamus on Dodi on Whitmonday 1866 (Schönhuth describes Dodi as a major trading centre). Few of the inhabitants escaped captivity or death, and the place was left in ashes. Dodi had been a place where merchants congregated from many places, especially Asantes who exchanged gold dust there for salt and other articles. The trading activities of the mission were much linked up with Dodi. Among the dead were many notable Akim merchants: and now an Akim chief is seeking to revenge their death with a large number of warriors, determined to inflict a decisive defeat on the Akwamus. The chief is called Dompre, and he is to be thought of as a robber chieftain rather than anything else. Through his activities, however, he has obtained an ever greater reputation among his followers and allies, so that he is now head of the combined armies. Schönhuth remarks that wars go on for a long time when fought in the fashion of this one. Things barely come to a battle. The narrow paths do not allow for large numbers of men to move about. The burning of Villages is usually the farthest things go. The soldiers need very little. They simply take the food they need from farms they find; they do need powder, but for bullets they use lead, stones, pieces of wood, and pieces of iron. Three times since Schönhuth's arrival in late March the army has moved off from Anum on a campaign. In the first, in April, 3 Akwamu farming villages were burned down and their inhabitants put to flight. In the second, at the beginning of July, there were Peki and Awudome forces along with the Akims and Anums, a total of about 3,000 wen. By African standards this is a large army, and the share of the Kyerepong towns was about 1,500, which probably neans a total Kyerepong population in this district of 6—7,000. The Akwamus are supposed to be able to waste 1,000 fighting men. This second expedition was involved in a battle on 13th July on the hills 6-8 hours away. The smoke and fire was visible from the Anum station. The Ahudomes were put to flight, but the Anums and Akims managed to defeat the enemy forces. There seem to have been many casualties - the next day the Anum drums were decorated with 20 bloody heads. During the battle the Anum women paraded around the streets in sections making a fearful noise. A number of young men who were sick retreated onto the station to be free from their persecution, and some members of the mission’s staff who set off at 4a.m. for Ho with cotton bales were turned back by them. The third expedition set out the day the letter was being written. Another development which Schönhuth reports: an army has been gathered by 'the deposed Accra King, Dake' at Battor, in order to attack the Defoe and Volos. In this crisis situation the Akwamus have sought help from the Frobos, Anglos, and Ashantes - but have been everywhere refused because they are such unreliable allies. They even applied to the English for help, but this has been refused. At the time the second expedition was mobilising the missionaries had persistent difficulties with people asking for money for the war. Dompre send an embassy with an armed escort with the message that he must have 300-400 heads of cowries (he gives a rate of 2 francs 25 per head). Schönhuth proposed to buy them off with 100 heads. They have altogether on the station 450 bales of cotton, 1,000 worth in goods and something over 2,000 heads of cowries. The local people know something of this, and there is a real danger that they would have been given over to plunder if they had completely refused. But when the elder of the second section of Anum came with a request for 100 heads, Schönhuth sent him packing with the remark that he had not forgotten that it was this section of the town which was responsible for the incident on the Volta on his return from Odumase, and that had on that occasion got away with 80 heads. Eventually, by negotiating with the Anum chief in his war camp at Kwakubio, and after another visit by the head of the second section of the town to the Mission station, they have been able to get things under control. With the second section of the town they entered an arrangement whereby a 10 head present was followed by the quarter sending 60-70 men to help move cotton bales to Ho for an agreed payment of 100 heads. (Schönhuth mentions three sections of the town. He also mentions that the young 'king' of Anum does not in fact possess much in the way of wealth, and thus has to pay attention to, and not expect to control, the wealthier of his sub-chiefs and elders. The second section of the town possesses several of these. In the negotiations with the head of the second section of the town Schönhuth had Obobi present, and elder of the king's family, who has consistently taken the Mission's part, though he is not a man of great influence). Since these events Dompre has given Schönhut a 13 year old boy whom Schönhuth likes very much - he is obedient and industrious. And the despatch of consignments to Ho has been going very well. With this third expedition everything is again full of war-like excitement. Dake has sent a message that he has defeated the Dafos and Volos, and burned their villages, and that the forces under Dompre should attack quickly and put an end to it all. Akwamu appears to be disintegrating. The Akwamuhene is at his wits' end in the difficult situation, and Bakai, the chief elder, who is known to have caused the collapse of the Freeman peace mission, is said to have fled to Anglo. A number of Akwamus have also fled to Zimmermann at Odumase and put themselves in his hands for protection. The future will show what the exact truth in all this is, but the Anums are mostly already away, and the rest will follow the next day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..6 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Schönhuth to Basel Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 29.10.1868 Proper date: 29.10.1868 Description An account of the resource Has no new news about the war - no mention of a campaign in August, only a report of the battle on July 13th, after which the Pekyi people, too, were tired of the fighting. Messages have just been sent by Dompre and the Anum 'King' to Accra, Akwapim and Akim asking for support in the fighting. Most of the report is taken up with a description of a visit to Boso, part of a preaching tour. Repeats the point: The children do not understand Twi. Evening conversation on the street reported in detail – Müller, a fetish priest, an old man, and a young man making a new tool for weaving. Müller started by asking why the young man made his tool only 4 inches wide. In Europe it would be 2-3 feet wide, and that is how in Europe such wide cloths are made. He replied that he did not understand European methods. Müller ought to show him how. Müller said he should just try with an 8 inch strip. The fetish priest said that white men possessed much wisdom, and that they should teach them this wisdom. So Müller asked them how they thought white men had learned their wisdom. God had in fact taught it; because the white men serve, fear and love him. He has taught them to find out all these things. Africans serve their fetishes, who cannot give such wisdom. But the fetish priest replied that they did serve God; the fetishes were intermediary between God and men. Müller poured scorn on this idea, arguing that the fetishes were nothing but objects. God was the creator - by looking at the sky, and at the thunder and lightning you could see his power. The fetish priest said they did want to serve God. Müller told him that God knew everything - whether someone was just saying something, or meant it from the heart; and that everyone had to answer at the throne of judgement. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..7 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Müller's Report for the Third Quarter of 1868 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 26.11.1868 Proper date: 26.11.1868 Description An account of the resource This is a reply to a letter from the Committee in Basel dated 2nd October 1868, which the missionaries read as being critical of their allowing themselves to be forced to pay money for the war. The force of the Basel letter appears to be lost by their trying to draw a distinction between money which is extorted, and legal war taxation. The fresh light on the situation around Anum: The missionaries do not think, now, that the war will come to a speedy end. And indeed, having heard the history of relations between Anum and Akwamu over the last hundred years, it is difficult to see how peace can be achieved without the thorough defeat of one tribe or the other. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..8 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Joint Letter from the Anum Missionaries (Müller's Handwriting) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 28.11.1868 Proper date: 28.11.1868 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..9 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Letter about the Station Library Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Date early: 12.12.1868 Proper date: 12.12.1868 Description An account of the resource The two married Anum catechumen want to move onto the station land: the missionaries propose an area for a Christian quarter, and ask for approval. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context D-01.20b.VIII..10 Subject The topic of the resource [Archives catalogue]: Guides / Finding aids: Archives: D - Ghana: D-01 - Incoming correspondence from Ghana up to the outbreak of the First World War: D-01.20b - Ghana 1868: D-01.20b.VIII. - Anum Title A name given to the resource Joint Letter Müller/Schönhuth